PMS; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder; PMDDPremenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a wide range of symptoms. The symptoms start during the second half of the menstrual cycle (14 or more days after the first day of your last menstrual period). These usually go away 1 to 2 days after the menstrual period starts.
The exact cause of PMS is not known. Changes in brain hormone levels may play a role. However, this has not been proven. Women with PMS may also respond differently to these hormones.
PMS may be related to social, cultural, biological, and psychological factors.
Most women experience PMS symptoms during their childbearing years. PMS occurs more often in women:
The symptoms often get worse in late 30s and 40s as menopause approaches.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of PMS include:
Other symptoms include:
- Confusion, trouble concentrating, or forgetfulness
- Fatigue and feeling slow or sluggish
- Feelings of sadness or hopelessness
- Feelings of tension, anxiety, or edginess
- Irritable, hostile, or aggressive behavior, with outbursts of anger toward self or others
- Loss of sex drive (may increase in some women)
- Mood swings
- Poor judgment
- Poor self-image, feelings of guilt, or increased fears
- Sleep problems (sleeping too much or too little)
Exams and Tests
There are no specific signs or lab tests that can detect PMS. To rule out other possible causes of symptoms, it is important to have a:
- Complete medical history
- Physical exam (including pelvic exam)
A symptom calendar can help women identify the most troublesome symptoms. This also helps in confirming the diagnosis of PMS.
Treatment
Keep a daily diary or log for at least 3 months. Record the:
- Type of symptoms you have
- How severe they are
- How long they last
This record will help you and your health care provider find the best treatment.
A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle approaches are often enough to control symptoms. To manage PMS:
- Drink plenty of fluids like water or juice. Do not drink soft drinks, alcohol, or other beverages with caffeine. This will help reduce bloating, fluid retention, and other symptoms.
- Eat frequent, small meals. Do not go more than 3 hours between snacks. Avoid overeating.
- Eat a balanced diet. Include extra whole grains, vegetables, and fruit in your diet. Limit your intake of salt and sugar.
- Your provider may suggest that you take nutritional supplements. Vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium are commonly used. Tryptophan, which is found in dairy products, may also be helpful.
- Get regular aerobic exercise throughout the month. This helps in reducing the severity of PMS symptoms. Exercise more often and harder during the weeks when you have PMS.
- Try changing your nighttime sleep habits before taking drugs for sleep problems.
Symptoms such as headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness may be treated with:
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen
- Other NSAIDs
Birth control pills may decrease or increase PMS symptoms.
In severe cases, medicines to treat depression may be helpful. Antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often tried first. These have been shown to be very helpful. You may also want to seek the advice of a counselor or therapist.
Other medicines that you may use include:
- Anti-anxiety drugs for severe anxiety
- Diuretics, which may help with severe fluid retention, which causes bloating, breast tenderness, and weight gain
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most women who are treated for PMS symptoms get good relief.
PMS symptoms may become severe enough to prevent you from functioning normally.
The suicide rate in women with depression is much higher during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Mood disorders need to be diagnosed and treated.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Make an appointment with your provider if:
- PMS does not go away with self-treatment
- Your symptoms are so severe that they limit your ability to function
- You feel like you want to hurt yourself or others
References
Freeman EW. Premenstrual syndrome. In: Kellerman RD, Bope ET, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:1111-1114.
Hudson T. Premenstrual syndrome. In: Pizzorno JE, Murray MT, eds. Textbook of Natural Medicine. 4th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2013:chap 202.
Marjoribanks J, Brown J, O'Brien PM, Wyatt K. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD001396. PMID: 23744611 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744611.
Mendiratta V, Lentz GM. Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: etiology, diagnosis, management. In: Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 37.
Neithardt AB. Premenstrual syndrome. In: Ferri FF, ed. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:1054-1055.
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